While it may seem like the prime of gardening season is dying down, there are a number of plants that can grown and flourish in the autumn and winter months. Some even grow better in cooler weather (although most will die in a heavy frost). If you live in an area that has mild winters, autumn and winter gardening can be just as rewarding as gardening in the spring. For gardeners who have colder and harsher winters, the winter months can be an ideal time to plan, create landscaping, prepare beds, and condition soil to get ready for spring gardening. It can also be an excellent time for experimenting with indoor container gardening.
If you are planning on gardening through autumn and winter, one of the first things you will want to do is to check when the average first frost date in your area will be. For plants that are killed by frost, you will want to check your seed packages to see how many days it usually takes for the plants you intend to grow to reach maturity. I usually add about 10 days to this number in case the frost comes a bit early. Count back from the average first frost date the number of days, plus ten to determine the last recommended day to sew seeds for this plant in your garden.
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In general, at this time of year you will not want to seed plants that need full sunlight to grow at this time of year. This includes most plants that bear fruit on vine or otherwise, such as cucumbers, squash, and tomatoes, which need heat and sunlight for the fruits to mature. Plants that will thrive in cooler weather will often grow best if planted in late summer, when temperatures are still in the mid-seventies (ºF ) during the day. This will help the seeds germinate successfully. They will continue to grown and thrive through early autumn up until the first frost.
Some of the best plants to sew at the end of summer include root vegetables such as beets, rutabaga, turnips, parsnips, radishes, and carrots. Plants in the cabbage family, such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower will also thrive in early autumn, when temperatures are in the sixties to the mid-seventies. There are also a number of greens that will thrive at this time of year, many of which will take less time to reach maturity. Among these are several varieties of lettuce, spinach, collard greens, chard, mustard greens, arugula, and kale. Chives, leeks, endives and severak varieties of onions will also grow well during autumn.
It is even possible to continue growing and harvesting many of these plants beyond the first frost date and through the winter months, provided that you can protect them from sudden changes in temperature by keeping them covered. Several home and gardening centers sell relatively small, portable greenhouses that will enable you to protect plants from frost and cold during the winter. However, these often cost several hundred dollars. If it does not seem worth the price, it is fairly simple to make a durable structure out of PVC pipes, or bamboo, or whatever building materials you have on hand, and cover the structure with a durable, clear plastic to create your own greenhouse. You will want to make sure to weight the bottom of the plastic down with rocks or bricks to prevent the wind from destroying your homemade greenhouse. A greenhouse will keep your plants 10ºF -15 ºF warmer than the air outside.
There are a number of herbs that can grow well in container gardens indoors during the cooler months, provided you have a window that gets enough sunlight where you can place these herbs. Usually a south-facing window will provide the best light during the winter. Oregano, mint, rosemary, thyme, sage, chives, and even basil can be grown indoors in containers. Many of them can even be grown in the same container with a higher pH soil, with the exception of sage, which will grow better in acidic soil, and mint, which grows best seperate from other plants. Pinching back the branches and flower buds will help them grow bushier rather than taller. If you suspect the plants are not getting enough sunlight, you can purchase a grow light to help compensate.

